Edward J. Deibert

Professor of Soil Science

North Dakota State University

Applying fertilizer with the seed at planting is one successful soil management practice that has long been recognized as a means to improve crop yields. Grain drills with fertilizer attachments eventually enabled the farmer to apply a small amount of fertilizer with the seed and plant in one operation.

A common practice in the Northern Great Plains dryland small grain production area is to apply 50 pounds per acre of 18-46-0 (N+P(2)0(5)+K(2)0) fertilizer with the seed at planting. This practice provides 9 pounds per acre nitrogen (N) and 23 pounds per acre of P(2)0(5 )as phosphorus (10 pounds P per acre) as a starter fertilizer which improves early root and plant growth on low to medium testing soils. The starter fertilizer also has the potential to enhance plant development early in the spring, when soil temperatures are normally low and soil nutrient availability to a young root system is lower.

Higher yields with advances in soil management, improved varieties, a decline in soil organic matter, and a reduction in the use of summerfallow have increased the need for fertilizer, particularly N. Many, if not most, fields require more fertilizer than can be applied with the seed. Application of higher rates of fertilizer with the seed at planting often causes severe germination damage, low seedling emergence and poor stands with subsequent yield loss. The general recommendation for small grains, to limit seedling damage, was not to apply more than 20 to 30 pounds per acre of N plus K(2)0 with the seed at planting. Additional fertilizer (NPK) required for maximum yields was then applied in another operation, either broadcast or banded.

Although the broadcast and band application of fertilizers have been successful soil fertilizer management practices, there has been a resurgence of interest in applying higher rates of fertilizer with the seed, especially N. This interest has been driven by a desire to [1] reduce the number of field operations, [2] emphasize conservation tillage to improve soil water management, [3] reduce erosion by maintaining adequate residue on the soil surface, and [4] use high residue seeding equipment, like hoe drills and especially airseeders, that utilize a higher portion of the seedbed than the traditional double disk drill.

The question is continually being asked, how much N can be safely applied with small grain seed at planting time? The general recommendation of 20 to 30 pounds per acre of N + K(2)0 would probably hold true. However, many factors influence the actual rate to apply, and these factors may vary with specific conditions or locations. Some site specific factors that need to be considered when determining the rate of N to apply with the seed include row spacing, seed furrow opener type, seedbed utilized (width of seed spread), soil texture, soil pH, soil water, precipitation, fertilizer placement, fertilizer form, fertilizer material and crop.

ROW SPACING

Row spacing is generally controlled by the type of seeding equipment. Some normal row spacings found on various seeding equipment include 6, 7, 7.5,10, 12, 14,16, 20, 22, and 30 inches. Row spacing is usually set by the equipment manufacturer specific for the particular crops to be planted. Wider row spacings are often achieved with narrow row spacing equipment by plugging some of the seeding units that meter the seed to the openers. The rate per acre of N that can safely be applied with the seed will decrease as the row spacing increases, because at a given rate per acre, the fertilizer is more concentrated and thus more fertilizer is in direct contact with the seed. Some seeding equipment may be designed with a variety of seed openers.

SEED OPENER

The seed opener refers to the method used to place the seed into the soil. The main categories of seed openers include single-disc, double-disc, offset double-disc, disc-shoe, hoe and sweep or wide shovel which progressively disturb more soil at the time of seeding. The more soil disturbance the higher the rate of fertilizer that can be safely applied with the seed because more soil mixing occurs and less fertilizer remains in direct contact with the seed. The seed opener used on a particular piece of seeding equipment may dictate the row spacing allowed, since close spaced rows on the front gang of openers may be covered by the rear gang with more soil disturbance. Thus the seedbed utilized (SU) becomes one factor controlling the amount of fertilizer that can be safely applied with the seed at planting.

SEEDBED UTILIZED

The amount or percent of seedbed that is utilized is determined by the row spacing the particular type of opener which controls the soil disturbance, and the actual width or spread of the seed within the area of soil disturbance. SU can be calculated by the following formula:

% seedbed utilized (SU) = [Seed spread (in.)/ Row spacing (in.) x 100

The typical double disk opener disturbs about 1 inch of soil and the seed is placed or spread in the same 1 inch. The SU for a double disk opener with 6-inch row spacing would be approximately 17 percent. Hoe openers, depending on size, width and depth of seeding, will disturb 2 to 5 inches of soil and normally spread the seed 2 to 3 inches. A hoe opener with 10-inch row spacing that spreads the seed 3 inches would have an SU value of 30 percent. The wide shovel or sweep opener, normally associated with air seeder units, will disturb soil as wide as the sweep, and the seed spread will depend on the type of spreader attached to the rear of the sweep on the tillage shank. A chisel plow with 12-inch spaced shanks and 12-inch sweeps that spreads the seed over a 6-inch band would have an SU value of 50 percent.

The rate of fertilizer that can be applied with the seed will vary based on the calculated SU value. The higher the value of SU, the higher the rate of fertilizer that can be applied with the seed at planting. The maximum rate of N fertilizer that can be applied with the seed at planting based on selected row spacings and SU can be found in Table 1 for the double disk, hoe and wide shovel airseeder with various widths (inches) of seedbed utilized.

SOIL TEXTURE

Soil texture refers to the percentage of sand silt or clay in the soil. Coarse texture soils, loamy sand or sandy loam, contain a high proportion of sand. Fine texture soils, clay loam or clay, contain a high proportion of clay. Medium texture soils, loam and silt loam, contain a higher proportion of silt.

Soil texture influences the amount of fertilizer that can be applied with the seed at planting in two ways. Texture determines (1) the amount of water retained by the soil and (2) the cation exchange capacity (CEC) or the ability of the soil to adsorb the damaging ammonia ions (NH(3)) released by nitrogen fertilizers.

Coarse texture soils have low water retention and low CEC, so seed germination damage will be greater on these soils, for the same fertilizer rate, than fine texture soils that have high water retention and high CEC. Table 2 gives a range of the amount of nitrogen fertilizer that can be successfully applied with the seed at planting based on soil texture and the SU for the double disk, hoe and air seeder type openers.

Table 1. Maximum nitrogen fertilizer rates wi th small grain seed at planting based on planter spacing, planter type and seed bed utilization.
		Planter spacing
Planter type	Seed spread	6 inch		7.5 inch		10 inch		12 inch
	inches	SU	lb/N/ac	SU	lb N/Ac	SU	lb N/Ac	SU	lb N/Ac
Double disc	1	17%	20-30	13%	19-28	10%	17-23	8%	15-20
Hoe	2	33%	32-44	27%	27-38	20%	23-31	17%	20-27
	3	50%	44-58	40%	37-48	30%	30-40	25%	26-34
Air seeder	4	66%	56-72	53%	46-58	40%	37-48	33%	32-42
	5	83%	68-86	68%	56-68	50%	44-57	44%	38-49
	6	100%	80-100	80%	66-79	60%	51-55	50%	44-56
	7			94%	76-90	70%	58-74	58%	50-64
	8					80%	66-83	67%	56-71
	9					90%	73-92	75%	62-78
	10					100%	80-100	83%	68-86
	11							92%	74-93
	12							100%	80-100

SU = Seedbed utilized

Table 2. Maximum nitrogen fertilizer rates with small grain seed at planting based on soil texture and seeded utilization.
				Percent of seedbed utilized
				10-20	30-50	60-100
	Particle size			Double disc	Hoe	Air seeder
Soil texture	Sand	Silt	Clay	1 inch	2-3 inch	4-12 inch
	Percent			lb N per acre
Loamy sand	80	10	10	5	10-20	25-40
Sandy loam	60	35	15	10	15-25	30-45
Sandy clay loam	55	15	30	15	20-30	35-50
Loam	40	40	20	20	25-35	40-55
Silt loam	20	65	15	25	30-40	45-60
Silty clay loam	10	55	35	30	35-45	50-70
Clay loam	30	30	40	35	40-50	55-80
Clay	20	20	60	40	45-55	60-100

SOIL WATER

Soil water influences the amount of damage caused by fertilizer applied with the seed in two ways. First, the free ammonia released by N fertilizer materials has a high affinity for water. The water molecules in the soil essentially combine with the NH(3), reducing the damaging effect on the seed. Dry soils, as a result of texture or climatic conditions, contain little water and the excess NH(3 )(not adsorbed by the soil exchange sites) moves easily through the cell walls into the seed, actually seeking out the water in the seed embryo to cause damage.

Second, fertilizer placed in direct contact with the seed can also have a salt effect (burning). In dry soils, water in the seed embryo can actually move outward to dehydrate the seed or the soil water can be absorbed by the fertilizer material, then adequate water is not available for the seed to germinate. Rates of fertilizer placed with the seed at planting must be reduced under dry soil conditions.

Another important factor in relation to soil water is whether precipitation is received soon after planting. Since this cannot be predicted, the recommended amount of N applied with the seed should be on the conservative side, especially with urea as the fertilizer source. Circular SF-712, Fertilizing Wheat and Rye, recommends 15 lb. N per acre when using urea and 6 to 7-inch row spacing and to not use urea with wider spacing when using a double disk opener.

FERTILIZER PLACEMENT

The distance the fertilizer is placed from the seed can have a tremendous effect on the rate of fertilizer placed with the seed at planting. Fertilizer placed in a narrow band in direct contact with the seed will have the greatest potential for damage. Damage decreases as the distance from the seed is increased.

This is partially related to SU, since greater soil-seed-fertilizer mixing action occurs as the seed and fertilizer is spread out. This can be observed by the diagrams in Figure 1 which show a comparison between narrow placement and three types of different seed and fertilizer distribution patterns.

Figure 1. Four distribution patterns of fertilizer placed with the seed at planting.

The area of fertilizer release will have an effect on placement and mixing of fertilizer in the soil. If the fertilizer is in the same flow pattern as the seed, little mixing occurs unless a spread pattern is employed. However, if the fertilizer is released separate from the seed, to the side, below or behind the seed, greater soil mixing will occur, reducing the potential for fertilizer damage. Type of fertilizer material (granular, liquid, or gas) can also affect the desired distance fertilizer is placed from the seed.

FERTILIZER MATERIAL

Nitrogen fertilizer is manufactured as dry granular materials (ammonium nitrate or urea being the most common forms), liquid materials (aqua ammonia or nitrogen solutions) and gas (anhydrous ammonia). Granular materials remain and react close to the area where placed. If the granular material is adequately mixed with the soil, the germination damage is minimized. Liquid and especially gaseous materials will move farther in the soil from the point of placement.

N movement in the soil is controlled by texture, which determines the voids or pore space where water or air can move. Liquid and gaseous materials can be placed away from the seed and still move to the seed to cause damage. The extent of the damage is controlled by the reaction of the fertilizer with the soil and water, which are controlled by texture. Greater movement and germination damage is caused on coarse textured soils. Germination damage is also controlled by the fertilizer form.

FERTILIZER FORM

Fertilizers can damage the seed in two ways. The first, and most serious, way that fertilizers damage the seed is by specific toxicity. For most N fertilizers, ammonia (NH(3)) toxicity is the largest factor that causes seed damage. The second way is by salt damage. All commercial fertilizers dissolve in water and make the soil solution saltier near the point of application. Fertilizers like potassium chloride (potash) and ammonium nitrate can injure the seed by the salt effect. Most phosphate fertilizers have a minimal salt effect.

Fertilizer form controls the amount of nitrogen that is released into the soil as NH The NH(3 )causes severe injury when in close proximity to the seed. The greatest potential for germination damage occurs with anhydrous ammonia because it is released into the soil as NH(3).

Urea fertilizer has the next highest potential to lower seed germination. Although urea is not an ammonium fertilizer when applied in the granular form, it quickly hydrolyzes to ammonium carbonate in the presence of the urease enzyme commonly found in soil. The ammonium carbonate is unstable and quickly decomposes to release NH(3).

Ammonium nitrate has the least potential for damaging seed because this granular material contains both ammonium (50 percent) and nitrate (50 percent). The nitrate nitrogen form, in comparison to the ammonia, has less effect on seed germination.

Liquid nitrogen materials are nonpressure solutions that contain mixtures of water, ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonia. Liquids contain no free NH(3 )and generally have lower potential for germination damage, but this depends on the proportion of each fertilizer form in the solution and their respective reaction in the soil.

At high application rates of fertilizer with the seed, the salt injury or "burn" can contribute to germination damage. Fertilizers increase the salt content in the soil solution, which influences the osmotic pressure, which in effect causes water movement from a lower to a higher salt concentration. Water moves out of the seed to the fertilizer pellet, actually drying out the seed and causing "burn" which lowers germination.

A salt index per unit of plant nutrients is given to various fertilizer sources. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers have a higher salt index than phosphorus fertilizers. Higher analysis fertilizers generally have a lower salt index because less material is applied for the same amount of nutrients. Anhydrous ammonia, ammonium nitrate and urea have a salt index of 0.6, 3.0 and 1.6, respectively.

As higher rates of fertilizer are applied with the seed at planting, the salt effect, in addition to the NH(3 )effect, becomes a more important factor in determining the amount of germination damage.

CROP

The amount of germination damage caused by application of fertilizer with the seed at planting depends somewhat on the crop species. Some crop seeds are more sensitive to NH(3 )and salt injury as a result of their size, seed coat type, and water content.

Limited information is available on how specific crop seeds react to fertilizer applications with the seed. In general, small grain crops (wheat, barley and oats) are able to tolerate higher rates of N fertilizer with the seed than corn or soybeans, which are more sensitive. Small seeded crops (canola, mustard, flax, and millet) and coated seeds (sunflower) are probably intermediate in the amount of germination damage expected from high rates of

fertilizer close to the seed. Sugarbeet seed is very susceptible to fertilizer injury. Additional research is needed to make recommendations for these specific crops and caution should be exercised with crops other than small grains.

SUMMARY

The amount of germination damage associated with applications of fertilizer with the seed at planting will vary with seasonal or yearly climatic conditions and among or between locations. Growers should consider all factors that influence germination damage when determining the amount of N fertilizer to apply with the seed at planting. Tables 1 and 2 are provided as general guidelines for the amount of N fertilizer to apply with the seed at planting based on only soil texture and seedbed utilization factors. Rates may need to be adjusted upward or downward based on the grower's specific conditions at planting related to soil water, fertilizer material and crop seeded.

SELECTED REFERENCES

Dahnke, W.C., C. Fanning, and L.J. Swenson. 1992. Fertilizing Wheat and Rye. SF-712(Revised). NDSU Extension Service. North Dakota State University. Fargo, ND 58105.

Deibert, E.J. 1986. One-pass pneumatic fertilizing-seeding with various N sources and N rates. p.120-125. In J. Havlm (ed.) Proc. Great Plains Soil Fertility Workshop. Denver, Colorado. 4-5 March 1986. Dept. Of Agronomy, Kansas State university. Manhauan, Kansas 66506.

Deibert, E.J., D.A. Lizotte, and B.R. Bock. 1985. Wheat seed germination as influenced by fertilizer rate, fertilizer source and spreader type with one-pass pneumatic seeding-fertilizing. North Dakota Farm Research 42(6) 14-20.

Hofman, V., C. Fanning, and E. Deiberi. 1988. Reduced tillage seeding equipment for small grains. AE-826 (Revised). NDSU Extension Service. North Dakota State university, Fargo, ND 58105.

HELPING YOU PUT KNOWLEDGE TO WORK

NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State University of Agnculture and Applied Science, and U.s. Department of Agriculture cooperating. Robert J. Christman, ln:erim Director, Fargo, North Dakota. Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. We oferour programs and facilities to all persons regardless of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, disability, age, vietnam era veterans status, or sexual orientation; and are an equal opportunity employer. 3M-1-94

Names of U.S. and Canadian Herbicides
Active ingredient	U.S.	U.S. Premix	Canadian	Canadn Premix	Herb. Group
Acetanilides
Acetachlor	Harness Plus, Surpass		n/a		n/a
Alachlor	Lasso/Other	Bronco, Bullet, Freedom	n/a	(Ontario only)
Dimethenaniid	Frontier	Contour	Frontier		Other
Metolachlor	Dual	Cycle, Broadstrike + Dual	Dual		Other
Propachlor	Ramrod	Ramrod/Atrazine	n/a		Other
Propanil	Stampede 80EDF	Stampede CM	Stampede	Stampede CM	Other
Amino Acids
Glyphosate	Roundup/others	Bronco, Landmaster BW, Fallow Master	Roundup/others		Other
Glufosinate	Ignite, Finale		Ignite, Harvest, Liberty		Other
Sulfosate	Touchdown		Touchdown		Other
Aryloxphenoxpropionic acids/Cyclohexanediones
Clethodin	Select		Select		1
Diclofop	Hoelon		Hoe-Grass	Hoe-Grass11	1
Fenoxaprop	Option 11, Whip	Cheyenne, Dakota, Fusion, Tiller		Laser, Laser DF, Puma, Truimph Plus, Champion Plus	1
Fluazifop-p	Fusilade 2000	Fusion	Fusilade 11, Venture	Fusion	1
Quizalofop-p	Assure 11		Assure		1
Sethoxydin	Poast/Poast Plus		Poast		1
Tralkoxydin			Achieve	Achieve Extra, Prevail	1
Benzoic Acids
Dicamba	Banvel/Banvel SGF	Fallow Master, Marksman	Banvel	Dyvel, Dyvel Ds, Kil-Mor, Target	4
Benzonitriles
Bromoxynil	Buctril	Bronate, Buctril/Atrazine	Parder	Achieve Extra, Laser, Buctril M, Hoe-Grass 11	6
Benzothiadiazoles
Bentazon	Basagran/many	Laddock, Galaxy, Storm	Basagran/many	Laddock, Marksman	Other
Bipyridiliums
Difenzoquat	Avenge		Avenge 200C		8
Diquat	Diquat		Reglone		Other
Paraquat	Cyclone, Gramoxone Extra		Gramozone		Other
Dipnenylethers
Acifluorfen	Blazer	Galaxy, Storm	n/a
Lactofen	Cobra		n/a
Dinitroanilines
Ethalfluralin	Sonalan		Edge		3
Pendimethalin	Prowl	Pursuit Plus, Squadron	n/a
Trifluralin	Treflan/others	Broadstrike + Treflan, Buckle, Freedom, Salute	Treflan/others	Fortress	3
Imidazolinones
Imazanethabenz	Assert		Assert		2
Imazaquin	Scepter	Squadron, Tri-Scept	n/a
Imazethapyr	Pursuit	Pursuit Plus	Pursuit		2
Isoxazolidinones
Clomazone	Command	Commence	n/a
Phenoxy-carboxylic acids
2,4-D	many	Curtail, Landmaster, BW, Tiller	many	Diphenoprop, DyVel DS, Estaprop, Ki-Mor	4
Dichloprop				Diphenoprop, Estaprop, Dichlorprop-D, Turboprop	4
MCPA	many	Bronate, Cheyenne, Dakota, Stampede CM, Tiller	many	Achieve Extra, Blagal, Buctril M, DyVel, Laer, Laer DF, Target, Triumph Plus	4
Meccoprop			Compitox/Mecoprop	DyVel DS, Kil-Mor, Target	4
Pyridines
Clopyralid	Stinger	Curtail	Lontrel	Prevail	4
Picloram	Tordon 22K		Tordon	Tordon 202C	4
Sulfonylureas
Chlorimuron	Classic	Lorox Plus, Preview	n/a
Chlorsulfuron	Glean	Finesse	n/a
Rimsulfuron		Matrix	n/a
Ethanetrsulfruron			Muster		2
Metsulfuron	Ally	Finesse	Ally/Excort		2
Nicosulfuron	Accent		n/a
Primsulfuron	Beacon		n/a
Thifensulfuron	Pinnacle	Concert, Harmony Extra	Refine	Laser DF, Refine Extra, Truimph Plus, Champion Plus	2
Triasulfuron	Amber		Amber
Tribenuron	Express	Harmony Extra	n/a	Express Pack, Refine Extra	2
Thiocarbarnates
EPTC	Eptan, Eradicane		Eptan, Eradicane		Other
Triallate	Far-Go	Buckle	Avadex BW	Fortress	8
as-Triazines
Metribuzin	Sencor/Lexone	Canaopy, Matrix, Preview, Salute, Turbo	Sencor/Lexone		5
s-Triazines
Atrizine	many	Bicep, Extrazine 11, Laddok, Lariat, Marksman, Sutan +	Atrazine	Ladok, Sutan +	5
Cyanazine	Bladex	Cycle	Bladex		5
Triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilides
Flumetsulan		Broadstrike + Dual, Broadstrike + Treflan	n/a
Ureas
Linuron	Lorox	Lorox Plus	Afolan F/Lorox DF		7
Tables update by Dave Kelner, Weeds Specialist, Manitoba Agriculture

Names of U.S. and Canadian Fungicides Seed Treatments
COMMON NAME	U.S. TRADE NAME	CANADIAN NAME
Benomyl	Benlate	Benlate
Carbathin, Lindane		Vitavax RS Flowable Powder & Cloak
Carbathin, Thiram, Lindane		Vitavax Dual Powder, Vitavax Dual Solution
Captan + Thiabendazole	Agrosol Flowable
Carboxin	Vitavax 34	Vitavax Single Solution
Carboxin + Captan	Nu-Gro, Captan 20, Carboxin 20, Seed Mate, Captan - Vitavax 20-20, Enhance
Carboxin + Maneb	DB-Green + Vitavax, Enhance Plus
Carboxin + Thiram	Vitavax 200 Flowable, RTU- Vitavax-Thiram, Vitavax- Thiram-Lindane, Vitaflo 280, Vitavax T-L	Vitavax Powder, Vitaflo-280, Anchor
Carboxin + Imazalil + Thiabendazole	Vitavax Extra RTU Vitavax Extra
Chlorothalonil		Bravo 500
Difenoconazole	Dividend
Imazalil	Agsco Double R, Flo-Pro, lmZ Flowable, Nuzone 10, ME
Mancozeb	Dithane M-45, Grain Guard, Grain Guard Plus, Manzate 200 DF	Manzate 200-DF, Dithane DO, Tuberseal
Mancozeb + Metalaxyl		Ridornil M2Y2WP
Iprodione		Rovral
Maneb	Agsco OB green, or Granol, NM, or Seed Mate Maneb, Lindane Agsco DB-Green L	N-M Drill Box Seed, Treatment Powder, N~M Dual Purpose
Maneb + Thiabendazole	Granox Plus
Prevail		PCNB (Terraclor)
Terra-Coat LT-2N, RTU-PCNB		Iprodione, Lindane
	Rovral ST	Tebuconazole + Thiram
	Thiram	42-S Thiram, Thiram 5OWP
Thiram 75WP	Thiram + Thiabendazole	Agrosol T

Names of U.S. and Canadian Fungicides Seed Treatments
COMMON NAME	U.S. TRADE NAME	CANADIAN NAME
Benomyl	Benlate	Benlate
Carbathin, Lindane		Vitavax RS Flowable Powder & Cloak
Carbathin, Thiram, Lindane		Vitavax Dual Powder, Vitavax Dual Solution
Captan + Thiabendazole	Agrosol Flowable
Carboxin	Vitavax 34	Vitavax Single Solution
Carboxin + Captan	Nu-Gro, Captan 20, Carboxin 20, Seed Mate, Captan - Vitavax 20-20, Enhance
Carboxin + Maneb	DB-Green + Vitavax, Enhance Plus
Carboxin + Thiram	Vitavax 200 Flowable, RTU- Vitavax-Thiram, Vitavax- Thiram-Lindane, Vitaflo 280, Vitavax T-L	Vitavax Powder, Vitaflo-280, Anchor
Carboxin + Imazalil + Thiabendazole	Vitavax Extra RTU Vitavax Extra
Chlorothalonil		Bravo 500
Difenoconazole	Dividend
Imazalil	Agsco Double R, Flo-Pro, lmZ Flowable, Nuzone 10, ME
Mancozeb	Dithane M-45, Grain Guard, Grain Guard Plus, Manzate 200 DF	Manzate 200-DF, Dithane DO, Tuberseal
Mancozeb + Metalaxyl		Ridornil M2Y2WP
Iprodione		Rovral
Maneb	Agsco OB green, or Granol, NM, or Seed Mate Maneb, Lindane Agsco DB-Green L	N-M Drill Box Seed, Treatment Powder, N~M Dual Purpose
Maneb + Thiabendazole	Granox Plus
Prevail		PCNB (Terraclor)
Terra-Coat LT-2N, RTU-PCNB		Iprodione, Lindane
	Rovral ST	Tebuconazole + Thiram
	Thiram	42-S Thiram, Thiram 5OWP
Thiram 75WP	Thiram + Thiabendazole	Agrosol T

FUNGICIDES - FOLIAR SPRAYS
ACTIVE INGREDIENT	U.S. NAME	CANADIAN NAME
Benomyl	Benlate WP	Benlate
Copper	Champion WP, Champ Flowable, Kocide 101, Kocide 606 Kocide DF Kocide LF
Mancozeb	Dithane DF, Dithane F-45, Dithane M-45, Manzate 2OODF Pen ncczeb, Penncozeb DF	Dithane D6
Propiconazole	Tilt 3.6 E	Tilt
Tnadimefon	Bayleton
Sulfur	Sulfur DF Thiolux

NAMES OF U.S. AND CANADIAN INSECTICIDES
COMMON NAME	U.S. TRADE NAME	CANADIAN NAME
Acephate	Orthene	n/a
Aldicarb	Temik	n/a
Azinphos-methyl	Guthion	Guthion/Azinphos N
Bacillus thurinqiensi	Dipel
Carbaryl	Sevin	Sevin
Carbofuran	Furadan	Furadan
Chiorpyrifos	Lorsban	Lorsban
Chiopyrifos-methyl	Reldan
Cypermethrin	n/a	Ripeord
Deltamettirin	n/a	Decim
Diazinon	Diazinon	Diazinon
Dimethoate	Cyqon	Cygon/Lagon/Hopper Stopper
Disulfoton	DI-Syston	DI-Syston
Endosul fan	Thiodan	Thiodan/Endosulfan
Encapsulated methyl parathion	Penncap M
Esfenvalerate	Asana XL
Ethoprop	Mocap
Ethyl parathion	Parathion
Fenvalerate	Pydrin
Fonofos	Dyfonate	Dyfonate
Malathion	Malathion	Malathion
Methamidophos	Monitor	Monitor
Methidathion	Bupracide	Supracide
Methomyl	Lannate	Lannate
Methyl parathion	Methyl parathion
Nosema locustea fungus	NOLO (TM)Bait
Oxamyl	Vydate
Oxydemeton-methyl	n/a	Metasystox R
Permethrin	Ambush, Pounce	Ambush, Pounce
Pirimicarb	n/a	Pirimor
Phorate	Thimet	Thimet
Phosphamidon	Phosphamidon
Tefluthrin	Force
Terbufos	Counter	Counter
Tralomethrin	Scout X-TRA